Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the recognition that people have...
Punishment01:27

Punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Living with Xeroderma Pigmentosum: a qualitative study of the psychosocial challenges experienced by families of children with a rare skin disorder.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases·2026
Same author

Cancer loyalty card study-2 (CLOCS-2): protocol for an observational case-control study focusing on the patient interval in cancer diagnosis.

BMJ open·2026
Same author

Does split-suckling influence pre- and postweaning pig growth performance and mortality?

Translational animal science·2026
Same author

Ka Muri, Ka Mua Indigenous Nursing: How the Past Can Inform Moving Into the Future.

Journal of advanced nursing·2026
Same author

Justice-Oriented Scholarship: Naming and Framing a Critical Imperative in Nursing.

Journal of advanced nursing·2026
Same author

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Aotearoa New Zealand Oral Health Students: Do Student Cohorts Reflect the Society They Will Serve?

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand·2026
Same journal

Emotional Valence Influences Empathic Capacity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.

Journal of adolescence·2026
Same journal

Adolescents' Perspectives on Self-Regulation and Need for Change in Digital Media Use: A Focus Group Study.

Journal of adolescence·2026
Same journal

Emotion Regulation and Psychological Adjustment in Residential Care: Relational and Gender Dynamics.

Journal of adolescence·2026
Same journal

Age-Varying Associations of Maternal Knowledge and Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms in Dyadic and Cultural Contexts.

Journal of adolescence·2026
Same journal

A Meta-Analysis of Susceptibility to Peer Influence Effects in Adolescence: The Role of Method of Influence and Type of Behavior.

Journal of adolescence·2026
Same journal

Daily Associations Between Perceived Maternal Privacy Invasion and Youth Information Management: How Do Cultural Factors Matter?

Journal of adolescence·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Structure and deviancy training in after-school programs.

Melissa Rorie1, Denise C Gottfredson, Amanda Cross

  • 1Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, 2220AA LeFrak Hall, MD 20742-8235, USA.

Journal of Adolescence
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

After-school programs (ASPs) with more structure reduce violence and counternormative behavior. However, increased interval structure may paradoxically increase violent talk among peers.

More Related Videos

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
07:36

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Published on: May 3, 2016

A Training Program Using an Agility Ladder for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
14:13

A Training Program Using an Agility Ladder for Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Published on: March 7, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
07:36

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Published on: May 3, 2016

A Training Program Using an Agility Ladder for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
14:13

A Training Program Using an Agility Ladder for Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Published on: March 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Child and adolescent psychology
  • Sociology of education
  • Behavioral sciences

Background:

  • Mixed evidence exists on the effectiveness of after-school programs (ASPs) in reducing problem behaviors.
  • Unstructured ASPs may inadvertently promote antisocial behavior through 'deviancy training,' where peers reinforce deviant attitudes and actions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the relationship between activity structure in ASPs and the occurrence of problem behaviors.
  • To examine peer and group leader responses to deviant behavior within ASP activities.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of approximately 3000 five-minute intervals from 398 observations of activities in five public middle schools.
  • Multi-level analyses were conducted to assess the association between activity structure and deviant behavior.

Main Results:

  • Peer responses to deviant behavior were generally reinforcing, while group leaders rarely intervened.
  • Higher overall activity structure was associated with decreased levels of violence and counternormative behavior.
  • Increased structure within five-minute intervals correlated with reduced violence but an increase in violent talk.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing structured activities in after-school programs can mitigate violence and counternormative behavior.
  • The specific nature of structure, particularly within shorter intervals, requires careful consideration to avoid unintended consequences like increased violent talk.