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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...

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Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
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Published on: September 12, 2016

[Genetic demyelinating diseases].

Pierre Labauge1, Odile Boespflug-Tanguy

  • 1Département de neurologie, CHU de Montpellier-Nîmes, place du Pr-R.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex, France. labauge@yahoo.fr

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing adult-onset leukodystrophies is challenging, often requiring integrated clinical, imaging, and genetic data. Advances in neuroimaging aid in identifying specific MRI phenotypes for precise diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Adult-onset leukodystrophies present diagnostic challenges.
  • Accurate diagnosis is achieved through a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Less than 30% of adult-onset leukodystrophies receive a precise diagnosis.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the diagnostic difficulties in adult-onset leukodystrophies.
  • To emphasize the role of advanced neuroimaging in diagnosis.
  • To identify specific leukodystrophy subtypes based on MRI phenotypes.

Summary:

  • Diagnosis requires integrating clinical, neuroradiological, biochemical, and genetic data.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes are increasingly crucial for identifying specific causes.
  • Examples of cavitary leukodystrophies include CACH/VWM syndrome and MLC; LBSL is suggested by posterior spinal cord damage and elevated lactate.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for adult-onset leukodystrophies.
  • Enhanced understanding of MRI-based phenotypes for specific leukodystrophy subtypes.
  • Facilitates earlier and more targeted treatment strategies for affected individuals.