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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
09:49

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Published on: August 13, 2010

Immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies.

S Kracker1, P Gardes, F Mazerolles

  • 1INSERM, U768, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris V-René Descartes, Paris F-75005, France.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding antibody diversity requires studying class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Defects in these processes reveal key molecular players like T-B cell interactions and DNA repair, crucial for diagnosing and treating related diseases.

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Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells
09:19

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
09:49

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Published on: August 13, 2010

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells
09:19

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

Published on: February 18, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Antibody repertoire maturation relies on class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM).
  • The molecular mechanisms governing CSR and SHM have been historically unclear.
  • Genetic defects affecting CSR and SHM highlight the involvement of T-B cell interactions, intrinsic B cell pathways, and DNA repair systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of antibody diversification.
  • To understand the genetic basis of diseases linked to CSR and SHM defects.
  • To improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of inherited disorders affecting CSR and SHM.
  • Analysis of T-B cell interactions, including CD40-mediated signaling.
  • Investigation of intrinsic B cell processes and DNA repair pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification of T-B cell interaction, B cell intrinsic mechanisms, and DNA repair as critical for CSR and SHM.
  • Established the genetic heterogeneity of diseases associated with CSR/SHM defects.
  • Linked molecular defects to clinical manifestations.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidation of molecular defects is key to understanding immunoglobulin diversification.
  • Characterizing these disorders improves clinical diagnosis and treatment.
  • Further research into CSR and SHM mechanisms will advance immunology and medicine.