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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy.

Thijs W Cohen Tervaert1, Antien L Mooyaart, Kerstin Amann

  • 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new classification for diabetic nephropathy (DN) was developed, combining Type 1 and Type 2. This four-class system categorizes glomerular lesions and interstitial/vascular involvement for consistent clinical use.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Pathology
  • Diabetic Complications

Background:

  • Existing classifications for renal diseases lack uniformity for diabetic nephropathy.
  • A consensus classification is needed for clinical practice and international use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unified, hierarchical classification for diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  • To combine Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic nephropathies into a single system.
  • To create a classification easily applicable in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • A four-class system was developed, categorizing glomerular lesions (Classes I-IV).
  • Separate evaluations for interstitial and vascular involvement were included.
  • The classification was tested for interobserver reproducibility.

Main Results:

  • Class I: Glomerular basement membrane thickening.
  • Class II: Mesangial expansion (mild/severe).
  • Class III: Nodular sclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions).
  • Class IV: Advanced glomerulosclerosis (>50% global).
  • High interobserver reproducibility (ICC = 0.84) was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed classification provides a standardized approach to diabetic nephropathy.
  • This system facilitates consistent diagnosis and grading of renal lesions in diabetic patients.
  • The classification is practical for international clinical application.