Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

An index of net bone formation relative to resorption is associated with incident fracture during the menopause transition and postmenopause.

JBMR plus·2026

Same author

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and menstrual cycle characteristics in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Anti-Mullerian Hormone and Collagen Type I C-telopeptide Predict Fast, Imminent Bone Loss in Early Perimenopause: SWAN.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2025

Same author

The relation of heavy or prolonged bleeding during the menopause transition to risk of hysterectomy.

Women's health (London, England)·2025

Same author

Femoral neck width is associated with unique trajectories of age-related hip structural changes and fracture risk within populations of adult women and men.

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research·2025

Same author

The Relation Between Systemic Inflammation and the Menopause Transition: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Association between menopausal transition stages and developing urinary incontinence.

L Elaine Waetjen¹, Jingjing Ye, Wen-Ying Feng

¹From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Kaiser Permanente Department of Research, Oakland, California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, David, California.

Obstetrics and Gynecology

|February 20, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause transition stages, particularly perimenopause, increase the risk of monthly incontinence. Postmenopause is associated with reduced incontinence risk, while frequent incontinence is linked to anxiety and weight gain.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

Reproductive health
Urology
Women's health

Background:

Menopause transition is a significant life stage for midlife women.
Incontinence symptoms can impact quality of life.
Understanding the relationship between menopause and incontinence is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if menopause transition stage is independently associated with the development of incontinence symptoms.
To investigate the link between different menopausal stages and the incidence of incontinence.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal analysis using discrete proportional hazards models.
Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) cohort.
Self-administered questionnaires for incontinence assessment and menstrual pattern classification for menopausal staging.

Main Results:

Early and late perimenopause increased the likelihood of monthly incontinence (1.34x and 1.52x, respectively) compared to premenopause.
Postmenopause was associated with a reduced likelihood (0.5x) of monthly incontinence.
Menopausal stage was not linked to weekly or more frequent incontinence; however, anxiety, high BMI, weight gain, and diabetes were associated with more frequent incontinence.

Conclusions:

Menopausal transition stage is linked to monthly, but not weekly, incontinence, suggesting infrequent symptoms are tied to perimenopause.
Modifiable factors like anxiety, weight gain, and diabetes are associated with more frequent incontinence.
Further research into lifestyle changes and medical treatment to prevent incontinence is a priority.