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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Published on: February 18, 2013

Protein palmitoylation in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity.

Yuko Fukata¹, Masaki Fukata

¹Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. mfukata@nips.ac.jp

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience

|February 20, 2010

Summary

Protein palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification, is crucial for neuronal protein transport and function. Specific DHHC enzymes regulate this process, impacting neuronal development and synaptic plasticity.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

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Published on: February 18, 2013

Acyl-PEGyl Exchange Gel Shift Assay for Quantitative Determination of Palmitoylation of Brain Membrane Proteins

Acyl-PEGyl Exchange Gel Shift Assay for Quantitative Determination of Palmitoylation of Brain Membrane Proteins

Published on: March 29, 2020

Optimized Incorporation of Alkynyl Fatty Acid Analogs for the Detection of Fatty Acylated Proteins using Click Chemistry

Optimized Incorporation of Alkynyl Fatty Acid Analogs for the Detection of Fatty Acylated Proteins using Click Chemistry

Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Protein palmitoylation is a key lipid modification regulating neuronal protein trafficking and function.
Its reversible nature suggests a role in intracellular protein shuttling.
The DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) protein family comprises the enzymes responsible for palmitoylation.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the regulatory mechanisms of dynamic protein palmitoylation.
To explore the emerging roles of protein palmitoylation in pathophysiology.
To highlight its significance in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advances in palmitoylation analysis.
Discussion of proteomic and imaging techniques.
Analysis of DHHC enzyme functions in polarized neurons.

Main Results:

Individual DHHC enzymes are critical for maintaining substrate compartmentalization in neurons.
Dynamic protein palmitoylation is regulated through specific mechanisms.
Palmitoylation plays emerging roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity.

Conclusions:

Protein palmitoylation is a vital regulatory mechanism in neurons.
DHHC enzymes are central to controlling palmitoylation.
Understanding palmitoylation is crucial for addressing neurological pathophysiology.