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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
07:38

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

Published on: January 10, 2025

Skylab S191 visible-infrared spectrometer.

T L Barnett, R D Juday

    Applied Optics
    |February 20, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Skylab spectrometer (S191) captured detailed Earth surface spectra from orbit. This analysis evaluates the instrument

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
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    Published on: January 10, 2025

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    In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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    In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

    Published on: June 16, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Earth observation science
    • Remote sensing technology
    • Spectroscopy applications

    Background:

    • The Skylab mission aimed to gather data on Earth's resources.
    • Advanced instrumentation was crucial for detailed analysis.
    • Spectrometers offer unique insights into surface composition.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the Skylab Earth Resources Experiment Package's spectrometer (S191).
    • To analyze the reflective and thermal emissive spectral data collected.
    • To assess the quality of data acquired during the Skylab mission.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the manually pointed spectrometer (S191) on Skylab.
    • Acquired reflective spectra (0.4-2.5 micrometers).
    • Acquired thermal emissive spectra (6-15 micrometers) of 500m diameter areas.

    Main Results:

    • Detailed description of the S191 instrument provided.
    • Analysis of spectral data quality from the Skylab mission.
    • Demonstrated capability for high-resolution Earth surface spectral analysis from space.

    Conclusions:

    • The S191 spectrometer yielded valuable spectral data of Earth's surface.
    • The instrument's performance and data quality were evaluated.
    • Findings support the utility of space-based spectroscopy for resource monitoring.