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Bus Impedance Matrix

Bus Impedance Matrix

Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...

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New planar optical coupler for a data bus system with single multimode fibers.

F Auracher, H H Witte

|February 20, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a novel optical coupler for data bus systems using single multimode fibers. The coupler achieves low insertion loss and efficient out-coupling through precise fiber alignment, enabling reliable data transmission.

Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Fiber optics communications
Photolithography

Background:

Data bus systems require efficient optical couplers for signal distribution.
Single multimode fibers are commonly used in optical data transmission lines.
Existing couplers may face challenges in terms of fabrication cost, reproducibility, and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize an optical coupler for data bus T-systems.
To investigate the use of planar photolithography for coupler fabrication.
To evaluate the coupling factors and insertion loss of the proposed coupler design.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of an optical coupler using a planar photolithographic process.
Utilizing butt-joined, single multimode fibers with specific core and outer diameters.

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Determining in- and out-coupling factors via lateral displacement of trunk fibers.

Main Results:

Achieved a total insertion loss of approximately 1.5 dB.
Measured an out-coupling factor of about -14 dB.
Demonstrated reproducibility and cost-effectiveness through the photolithographic fabrication method.

Conclusions:

The developed optical coupler is suitable for data bus T-systems.
Planar photolithography offers a viable, cost-effective method for coupler fabrication.
The coupler design provides acceptable performance metrics for optical data transmission.