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Mode control of Ti-diffused LiNbO(3) slab optical waveguide.

H Naitoh, M Nunoshita, T Nakayama

    Applied Optics
    |February 20, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers optimized titanium-diffused lithium niobate (LiNbO3) optical waveguides. Adjusting titanium film thickness precisely controls waveguide properties for specific laser wavelengths.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Photonics
    • Solid-State Physics

    Background:

    • Optical waveguides are crucial components in integrated optics and photonic devices.
    • Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a widely used material for fabricating optical waveguides due to its excellent electro-optic properties.
    • Titanium (Ti) indiffusion is a standard technique for creating optical waveguides in LiNbO3.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between fabrication conditions and the optical properties of Ti-diffused LiNbO3 slab waveguides.
    • To determine how to control the refractive index profile, including surface index change and diffusion depth.
    • To achieve specific waveguide parameters, such as the number of TE modes and effective indices, for targeted laser wavelengths.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of optical waveguides via thermal diffusion of titanium (Ti) into LiNbO3 single crystals.
    • Systematic variation of diffusion conditions to study their impact on waveguide characteristics.
    • Characterization of the refractive index profile and optical modes supported by the fabricated slab waveguides.

    Main Results:

    • Established clear relationships between diffusion parameters and the resulting refractive index profiles of Ti-LiNbO3 waveguides.
    • Identified specific fabrication conditions to achieve desired waveguide properties for 0.6328 µm (He-Ne laser) and 0.8730 µm (GaAs-GaAlAs DH laser) wavelengths.
    • Demonstrated that adjusting the thickness of the evaporated Ti film is sufficient to control the number of modes and effective indices.

    Conclusions:

    • The thickness of the evaporated Ti film is a critical parameter for precisely controlling the optical characteristics of Ti-diffused LiNbO3 slab waveguides.
    • This study provides a method for fabricating waveguides with tailored properties for specific laser applications.
    • The findings facilitate the design and production of customized optical waveguides for photonic integrated circuits.

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