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Related Concept Videos

Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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Adaptable functionality of transcriptional feedback in bacterial two-component systems.

J Christian J Ray1, Oleg A Igoshin

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.

Plos Computational Biology
|February 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial two-component systems (TCS) use feedback loops for signaling. Our models reveal that TCS can exhibit negative feedback for responsiveness or positive feedback for signal persistence, depending on signal levels.

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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Two-component systems (TCS) are crucial for bacterial signal transduction, involving a sensor histidine kinase (SHK) and a response regulator (RR).
  • The common operon structure, where the RR regulates its own expression, creates a feedback loop whose functional implications remain unclear.
  • This feedback has been linked to kinetic responses like overshoot and rapid recovery from signaling interruptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and behavior of feedback mechanisms in bacterial two-component systems.
  • To explore how different feedback signs (negative vs. positive) influence system dynamics.
  • To understand how signal levels might modulate feedback and optimize bacterial responses.

Main Methods:

  • Development and analysis of mathematical models for two-component system signaling.
  • Utilizing Monte Carlo sampling to explore the parameter space and identify diverse model behaviors.
  • Comparing model predictions with known system behaviors like overshoot and fast recovery.

Main Results:

  • Mathematical models indicate that negative feedback is necessary for overshoot and improved response time.
  • Fast recovery of signaling is predicted to depend on high SHK and RR accumulation, favoring positive feedback.
  • Model simulations show that the effective feedback sign can dynamically shift from negative to positive based on the input signal level.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial two-component systems exhibit adaptable feedback mechanisms.
  • Low signal levels may engage negative feedback for responsiveness, while high levels may utilize positive feedback for signal persistence.
  • Variations in TCS architecture and parameters likely evolved to optimize responses across diverse bacterial lifestyles and environments.