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Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Published on: July 9, 2016

Reorganization of global form and motion processing during human visual development.

John Wattam-Bell¹, Dee Birtles, Pär Nyström

¹Visual Development Unit, Department of Developmental Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. j.wattam-bell@ucl.ac.uk <j.wattam-bell@ucl.ac.uk>

Current Biology : CB

|February 23, 2010

Summary

Infant visual brain development shows motion processing matures faster than form processing in extrastriate areas. This suggests significant reorganization of visual networks from infancy to adulthood.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Neuroscience
Visual Perception

Background:

Human primary visual cortex (V1) selectivity for orientation and motion is established early.
Development of extrastriate visual areas integrating V1 outputs is less studied.
Extrastriate areas are crucial for processing global form and motion.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the development of sensitivity and topographical organization for global form and motion in extrastriate visual areas.
To compare visual processing in 4- to 5-month-old infants and adults.
To understand network reorganization from infancy to adulthood.

Main Methods:

High-density visual event-related potentials (VERPs) were used to measure brain responses.
Stimuli involved transitions between concentric and random arrangements of form (arc segments) and motion (dot trajectories).
Responses were analyzed for sensitivity and topographical organization in infants and adults.

Main Results:

Adults exhibited topographically distinct responses: midline for motion and lateral for form.
Most infants (25/26) showed significant motion responses, while fewer (13/26) showed form responses, indicating faster motion area development.
Infants' responses were topographically distinct from adults', with motion responses being more lateral than form responses.

Conclusions:

Extrastriate motion areas appear to develop more rapidly than form areas in early infancy.
Distinct neural sources and significant network reorganization occur between infancy and adulthood.
Global motion processing may involve different brain regions (e.g., V5 in infants vs. V3/V3A/V6 in adults).