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Related Concept Videos

Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Cretinism revisited.

Zu-Pei Chen1, Basil S Hetzel

  • 1National IDD Advisory Committee to Ministry of Health, P. R. China. zpchentj125@yahoo.com.cn

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Dietary iodine deficiency causes endemic cretinism, a preventable neurological and developmental disorder. Early iodine supplementation before pregnancy is crucial for preventing brain damage and cognitive deficits in populations worldwide.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Endemic cretinism encompasses neurological and hypothyroid syndromes linked to dietary iodine deficiency.
  • These conditions are part of a broader spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), affecting cognitive function.
  • Iodine deficiency is a leading preventable cause of brain damage globally, impacting over 2 billion people.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the impact of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) on neurological and developmental health.
  • To highlight the preventability of endemic cretinism and other IDDs through iodine supplementation.
  • To review global efforts in preventing iodine deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on endemic cretinism and iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs).
  • Analysis of global public health initiatives for iodine deficiency prevention.
  • Examination of data on iodized salt consumption trends.

Main Results:

  • Endemic cretinism presents as neurological deficits or severe hypothyroidism with cognitive impairment.
  • Correction of iodine deficiency before pregnancy effectively prevents these conditions.
  • Global iodized salt usage increased significantly, reaching 68% by 2000, up from less than 20% pre-1990.

Conclusions:

  • Endemic cretinism and other IDDs are preventable public health issues.
  • Universal salt iodization is a key strategy for mitigating the effects of iodine deficiency.
  • Continued efforts are needed to ensure widespread access to iodized salt globally.