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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

Published on: September 12, 2018

Perchlorate, iodine and the thyroid.

Angela M Leung¹, Elizabeth N Pearce, Lewis E Braverman

¹Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

|February 23, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental perchlorate exposure may impact thyroid function, particularly in developing fetuses and infants. Further research is needed to understand the health effects of low-level, chronic perchlorate exposure, especially concerning iodine intake and other endocrine disruptors.

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Published on: July 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Endocrinology
Toxicology

Background:

Perchlorate at pharmacologic doses inhibits thyroidal iodine uptake and reduces thyroid hormone production.
Recent studies focus on low-level environmental perchlorate in water and food and its effects on human thyroid function.
Developing fetuses and infants are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on thyroid hormones for neurodevelopment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the potential adverse effects of environmental perchlorate on human thyroid function.
To highlight the particular concern for fetal and infant neurodevelopment.
To emphasize the need for further research on low-level chronic exposure.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on perchlorate detection in the environment and its health effects.
Analysis of the impact of perchlorate on thyroid hormone production and iodine uptake.
Consideration of factors influencing perchlorate's health impact, such as iodine intake and co-exposure to other endocrine disruptors.

Main Results:

Pharmacologic perchlorate inhibits thyroid function.
Low-level environmental perchlorate is detected in various sources.
Potential risks to fetal and infant neurodevelopment exist due to impaired thyroid function.

Conclusions:

Environmental perchlorate exposure poses a potential risk to thyroid function, especially in vulnerable populations.
The health impact of environmental perchlorate is likely modulated by iodine sufficiency and co-exposure to other endocrine disruptors.
Further research is crucial to elucidate the long-term health consequences of chronic, low-level environmental perchlorate exposure.