Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Overview of Surgical Approaches and Adjuvant Therapy for Treatment of Craniopharyngiomas.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Late cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network study.

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics·2026
Same author

Decompression with or without Duraplasty for Chiari I and Syringomyelia.

The New England journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Perspectives on Interdisciplinary Perioperative Care for Children with Medical Complexity.

Pediatric clinics of North America·2026
Same author

Molecular Biology and Phase 1 Study of GM-CSF and Intrathecal Trastuzumab in Children with Recurrent Posterior Fossa Ependymoma.

Neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

Clinical presentation of hydrocephalus following pre- and postnatal myelomeningocele repair: a Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network study.

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics·2026
Same journal

Electric-Scooters: An Emerging Source of High-Severity Pediatric Head Trauma.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Survival After Surgery for Spinal Osteosarcoma and the Role of Chemotherapy and Treatment Sequencing: A National Cohort Multivariable Analysis.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Safety and Efficacy of 3-Month Versus 6-Month Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Pipeline Embolization Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Risk Factors of Revision Surgery After Acute Proximal Junctional Fracture Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Sensorimotor Network Alterations and Compensation in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A 7 T Task-Based and Resting-State Functional MRI Study.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Hyperselective Peripheral Neurectomy Versus Medical Therapy for Refractory Poststroke Spasticity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neurosurgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Craniovertebral junction abnormalities in Down syndrome.

Todd C Hankinson1, Richard C E Anderson

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Neurological Institute of New York, New York, New York 10032, USA. tch12@columbia.edu

Neurosurgery
|February 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with Down syndrome have increased risk of upper cervical spine instability. Radiographic screening is crucial for preventing neurological injury during athletic activities like the Special Olympics.

More Related Videos

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
10:23

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: September 8, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
10:23

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Children with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit a higher prevalence of upper cervical spine instability, including occipitocervical and atlantoaxial instability.
  • This instability poses a significant risk for neurological injury, particularly during physical activities and athletic competitions.

Observation:

  • Radiographic cervical spine screening was implemented in 1983 for athletes with DS participating in certain Special Olympics events.
  • The review examines the biomechanical factors contributing to upper cervical instability in this population.

Findings:

  • The study reviews the historical development and current status of cervical spine screening protocols for children with Down syndrome.
  • It synthesizes current expert opinions on managing upper cervical instability in affected children.

Implications:

  • Understanding the biomechanics and effective screening is vital for safeguarding athletes with Down syndrome.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing pediatric patients with Down syndrome and cervical spine abnormalities.