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Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Real-Time Analysis of Bioenergetics in Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Using High-Resolution Respirometry
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Erythropoietin receptor response circuits.

Don M Wojchowski1, Pradeep Sathyanarayana, Arvind Dev

  • 1Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA. wojchd@mmc.org

Current Opinion in Hematology
|February 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) have new roles beyond red blood cell production, including tissue protection and potential tumor growth. Emerging erythropoiesis-stimulating agents offer new therapeutic avenues.

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15:32

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay

Published on: August 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) were cloned in 1985-1989 and recognized as crucial for red blood cell production.
  • Recent advancements in tools and model systems allow for a re-examination of EPO/EPOR functions.
  • New evidence suggests EPO/EPOR involvement in cytoprotection of ischemic tissues and potential roles in tumorigenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on EPO/EPOR actions beyond traditional erythropoiesis.
  • To explore novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and their mechanisms.
  • To provoke new concepts regarding EPO/EPOR signaling pathways and their implications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and research findings.
  • Analysis of new data on erythropoiesis, cytoprotection, and tumorigenesis.
  • Synthesis of information on novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Main Results:

  • New insights into (pro)erythroblast survival mechanisms and EPO/EPOR signaling.
  • Identification of novel EPO/EPOR effects on erythroid cell development and responses.
  • Understanding of EPOR downmodulation, trafficking, and novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Conclusions:

  • EPO/EPOR signaling is more complex than previously understood, with roles in tissue protection and cancer.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate stage-specific EPO/EPOR signals and noncanonical response factors.
  • Novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents present potential therapeutic benefits and challenges compared to EPO.