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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy01:26

Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy

This lesson explores three gastrointestinal imaging techniques: radionuclide testing, colonic transit studies, and virtual colonoscopy.
Radionuclide Testing
Radionuclide testing is a sophisticated medical technique for assessing gastrointestinal motility. It focuses on gastric emptying and colonic transit time. Radioactive markers track the movement of food through the digestive system, providing insights into gastrointestinal disorders.
In gastric emptying studies, a meal's liquid and solid...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Planes in Space01:31

Planes in Space

A plane in three-dimensional space is fundamentally characterized by a point that lies on the plane and a normal vector that is perpendicular to its surface. This normal vector uniquely determines the orientation of the plane, making it an essential geometric descriptor. In architectural applications, such as the installation of a sloped glass panel on a building façade, this mathematical model provides a precise representation of the panel’s position and orientation in space.Let r₀ be the...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Evaluating Flight Performance and Eye Movement Patterns Using Virtual Reality Flight Simulator
03:49

Evaluating Flight Performance and Eye Movement Patterns Using Virtual Reality Flight Simulator

Published on: May 19, 2023

Inflight performance of the Viking visual imaging subsystem.

K P Klaasen, T E Thorpe, L A Morabito

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Viking Orbiter cameras maintained focus and consistent noise levels during Mars missions. Recalibration improved photometric accuracy, with geometric distortion remaining stable.

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    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Space Mission Engineering
    • Remote Sensing

    Background:

    • The Viking Orbiter mission provided crucial early imagery of Mars.
    • Understanding the performance of onboard imaging systems is vital for data interpretation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the performance of the Viking Orbiter Visual Imaging Subsystem cameras.
    • To quantify camera stability, noise levels, photometric accuracy, and geometric distortion.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of photographic data acquired during the Viking Orbiter's journey to and orbit around Mars.
    • Evaluation of image focus, noise characteristics, and geometric distortion parameters.
    • Recalibration of instruments to determine photometric measurement accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • Camera focus remained consistently good throughout the mission.
    • In-flight noise levels (random and coherent) matched pre-flight measurements.
    • Photometric measurements achieved <3% relative and 9% absolute accuracy post-recalibration.
    • Geometric distortion remained near pre-flight levels (4 pixels RMS, 11 pixels maximum).

    Conclusions:

    • The Viking Orbiter's imaging system demonstrated robust performance and stability.
    • The cameras were reliable for scientific data acquisition throughout the Mars mission.
    • Post-mission analysis confirmed the high quality and usability of Viking Orbiter imagery.