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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Laser resonators folded by diffraction gratings.

S O Kanstad, G Wang

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Using a grating to fold a laser resonator allows multiple frequencies to be extracted simultaneously. This method introduces astigmatism, impacting laser resonator design and limiting grating constant choices compared to the Littrow configuration.

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    Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Laser resonators are fundamental components in laser systems.
    • Extracting multiple frequencies simultaneously can enhance laser functionality.
    • Grating-based resonators offer potential for novel laser designs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the use of gratings for folding laser resonators.
    • To analyze the astigmatism introduced by gratings in this configuration.
    • To discuss implications for the design of multi-frequency laser resonators.

    Main Methods:

    • Employing a grating to fold the laser resonator cavity.
    • Analyzing grating-induced astigmatism using sigma-circle diagrams.
    • Examining the angle-dependent transformation of the diffraction plane.

    Main Results:

    • Simultaneous extraction of several laser frequencies is achievable.
    • The grating introduces mode astigmatism.
    • The range of useful grating constants is limited compared to the Littrow case.

    Conclusions:

    • Grating-folded resonators enable multi-frequency extraction.
    • Astigmatism introduced by the grating is a critical design consideration.
    • Design choices for grating constants are constrained by astigmatism and resonator folding.