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Switching of BJT

Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis
07:55

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Published on: September 22, 2017

Mirror-type optical branch and switch.

H Naitoh, K Muto, T Nakayama

    Applied Optics
    |February 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel optical switch using titanium-diffused lithium niobate (LiNbO3) waveguides. This device offers tunable light intensity ratios via electric fields, enabling efficient optical switching applications.

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    High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis
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    High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

    Published on: December 22, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Waveguide Technology
    • Materials Science in Optoelectronics
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a key material for integrated optics due to its electro-optic properties.
    • Developing efficient optical switches is crucial for high-speed optical communication networks.
    • Existing optical switches often face limitations in size, electrode complexity, or integration density.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate and investigate an optical branch and switch utilizing a unique mirror effect in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides.
    • To explore the tunability of the light intensity branching ratio using electric fields, separating angles, and effective indices.
    • To highlight the advantages of the developed optical switch, including its compact electrode design and high integration potential.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of LiNbO3 waveguides with varying titanium (Ti) diffusion levels.
    • Investigation of optical properties, including light intensity branching ratios.
    • Application of electric fields to modulate the branching ratio.
    • Analysis of the impact of separating angle and effective indices on device performance.

    Main Results:

    • Successful fabrication of an optical branch and switch based on a mirror effect in Ti-diffused LiNbO3.
    • Demonstration that the branching ratio is controllable by electric field, separating angle, and effective indices.
    • Achieved a significant variation in the optical branch light intensity ratio (0.10 to 12.4) by applying electric fields (0 V/µm to 8 V/µm).
    • Highlighted features: small, simple electrode form and a large separating angle suitable for high-density integration.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical switch offers a unique and effective solution for optical signal routing.
    • The electric field controllability of the branching ratio provides a versatile mechanism for optical switching.
    • The device's design facilitates high integration density on a single substrate, paving the way for advanced photonic integrated circuits.