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Related Concept Videos

Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions02:34

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

Structural modifications of nucleosides in ionic liquids.

Vineet Kumar1, Virinder S Parmar, Sanjay V Malhotra

  • 1Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, SAIC -Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, 1050 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

Biochimie
|February 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids offer an eco-friendly alternative for synthesizing modified nucleosides, overcoming solubility challenges in drug discovery. This approach enhances efficiency and convenience for creating vital antiviral drugs.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
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Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Published on: April 3, 2014

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
05:59

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Nucleoside analogs are crucial in cancer and antiviral chemotherapy.
  • The synthesis of modified nucleosides is challenging due to poor solubility and hazardous solvents.
  • Current methods often involve toxic solvents, long reaction times, and difficult workups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the use of ionic liquids as a green reaction medium for nucleoside modification.
  • To address the challenges of poor solubility and hazardous reagents in nucleoside synthesis.
  • To summarize recent advancements in nucleoside modification using ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ionic liquids as 'designer solvents' with tunable properties.
  • Developing efficient and convenient synthetic methodologies for nucleoside analogs.
  • Applying these methods for the preparation of pharmaceutically relevant compounds.

Main Results:

  • Ionic liquid methodologies demonstrate high efficiency and convenience.
  • Successful synthesis of important nucleoside analogs, including antiviral drugs.
  • Overcoming solubility issues associated with modified nucleosides.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic liquids provide a sustainable and effective alternative for nucleoside modification.
  • This approach facilitates the synthesis of valuable nucleoside-based therapeutics.
  • Further research into ionic liquid applications in drug discovery is warranted.