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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

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Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Published on: April 7, 2023

Brain glucosamine boosts protective glucoprivic feeding.

Mayowa A Osundiji1, Ligang Zhou, Jill Shaw

  • 1University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS-MRL, Box 289 Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ United Kingdom.

Endocrinology
|February 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Glucosamine (GSN), a glucokinase (GK) inhibitor, stimulates feeding responses during low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in rats. This suggests GSN could be a therapeutic option for enhancing hunger signals in diabetic patients at risk of hypoglycemia.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

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Published on: April 7, 2023

New Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet as a Neuro-protective Agent Against Glucose Deprivation-induced Injury of SH-SY5Y Cells
06:34

New Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet as a Neuro-protective Agent Against Glucose Deprivation-induced Injury of SH-SY5Y Cells

Published on: October 9, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetic patients often lose crucial glucoregulatory responses, increasing hypoglycemia risk.
  • Defensive hunger symptoms, vital for counterregulation, are triggered by hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons.
  • Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in sensing glucose metabolism within these neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) glucosamine (GSN), a GK inhibitor, on feeding behavior.
  • To assess GSN's impact on food intake during normoglycemia and protective feeding responses during glucoprivation and hypoglycemia.
  • To explore GSN's therapeutic potential for enhancing hunger signals.

Main Methods:

  • Rats with chronic catheters received ICV infusions of GSN or mannoheptulose (another GK inhibitor).
  • Food intake was measured during normoglycemia, glucoprivation, and hypoglycemia.
  • D-glucose or L-glucose coinfusion was used to confirm GSN's mechanism of action.

Main Results:

  • ICV GSN and mannoheptulose dose-dependently stimulated feeding during normoglycemia.
  • D-glucose, but not L-glucose, abrogated GSN's orexigenic effect, confirming GK inhibition.
  • A low, non-orexigenic GSN dose enhanced feeding responses during glucoprivation and hypoglycemia in rats with impaired glucose counterregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Glucosamine (GSN) effectively inhibits glucokinase (GK) activity in the brain.
  • GSN administration enhances defensive feeding responses during hypoglycemia, even in impaired counterregulation models.
  • GSN shows promise as a therapeutic agent to improve hunger signaling and counterregulatory responses in hypoglycemia.