Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Published on: February 9, 2021
Calcium oxalate urolithiasis
Kelly Gisselman1, Cathy Langston, Douglas Palma
1Hope Center for Advanced Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Virginia, USA.
Abstract:
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are one of the most common urolith types in dogs, cats, and humans. Many factors predispose animals to CaOx uroliths, including breed, old age, obesity, male sex, being neutered, and certain diseases. Because there are no effective strategies for medical dissolution of these uroliths, management should focus on physical removal (by surgical or nonsurgical methods) and prevention, especially in patients with recurring uroliths, high-risk breeds, and animals with predisposing diseases. Prevention focuses on diet modification, primarily to increase water intake, and the appropriate use or avoidance of specific medications.
Related Concept Videos
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management
