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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Published on: January 11, 2018

Otitis: anatomy every practitioner should know.

Craig Griffin¹

¹Animal Dermatology Clinic, San Diego, California, USA.

Compendium (Yardley, PA)

|February 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic otitis externa management requires understanding four factors, including self-perpetuating changes in ear anatomy and physiology. Aggressive cleaning and long-term therapy are key, necessitating veterinary knowledge of normal ear structure.

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Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

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Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

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Published on: May 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Otolaryngology

Background:

Chronic otitis externa presents complex management challenges.
Understanding the multifactorial nature of the condition is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the role of perpetuating factors in chronic otitis externa.
To emphasize the importance of recognizing normal ear anatomy and physiology for effective treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of etiologic components of chronic otitis externa.
Analysis of perpetuating factors, including anatomical and physiological changes.

Main Results:

Perpetuating factors are self-perpetuating changes in ear canal anatomy and physiology.
These factors include impaired self-cleaning mechanisms and canal stenosis.
Elimination often requires aggressive cleaning and long-term therapy.

Conclusions:

Veterinary recognition of normal ear anatomy and physiology is essential for diagnosing and managing perpetuating factors.
Effective treatment necessitates addressing these complex, self-perpetuating changes.