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Contaminants and Errors

Contaminants and Errors

Effective sample preparation is crucial for accurate and reliable laboratory analysis. During this process, two significant sources of error can arise: concentration bias from improper sample splitting and contamination caused by methods used to reduce particle size, such as grinding or homogenization. Identifying and minimizing these potential errors is crucial to ensuring the validity of the analysis.
Another key consideration is determining the appropriate number of samples required to...

Data Validation

Data Validation

Method validation is a crucial process in analytical chemistry designed to confirm that a given method consistently produces reliable and high-quality results. This process is essential when a method is applied to different sample matrices or when procedural modifications are made, ensuring that the results meet acceptable standards across various applications.
Key parameters for method validation include:

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

Introduction to Statistical Process Control

Introduction to Statistical Process Control

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a method used to monitor and control quality within processes, particularly in manufacturing and service delivery, by employing statistical methods. SPC aims to distinguish between natural (common cause) variation and variation due to specific changes or events (special cause), allowing for timely improvements and sustained quality. The control chart, a pivotal tool in SPC, visually displays data over time alongside a central line of upper and lower control...

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

Published on: August 11, 2017

Applying Lean Sigma solutions to mistake-proof the chemotherapy preparation process.

Hanan J Aboumatar¹, Laura Winner, Richard Davis

¹Center for Innovation in Quality Patient Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. habouma1@jhmi.edu

Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety

|February 26, 2010

Summary

Lean Sigma methodology streamlined chemotherapy preparation, reducing medication errors and enhancing compliance with United States Pharmacopeia 797 (USP 797) standards. This approach improved patient safety by increasing error identification before administration.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

Pharmacy Practice
Quality Improvement
Patient Safety

Background:

High-alert medication errors, including those with chemotherapeutic agents, pose significant risks.
United States Pharmacopeia 797 (USP 797) regulations set standards for sterile compounding environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To apply Lean Sigma methodology to enhance the safety of the chemotherapy preparation process.
To reduce errors and improve compliance with USP 797 regulations.

Main Methods:

A rapid Lean Sigma workshop engaged frontline staff to identify and address errors in chemotherapy preparation.
Interventions included workspace redesign, process redesign, and standard operating procedure development.

Main Results:

Identified errors related to workspace, distractions, and procedural variations.
Implemented mistake-proofing interventions were easily implemented and sustainable.
Decreased reported medication errors reaching patients; increased reported near misses indicated improved error detection.

Conclusions:

Lean Sigma solutions facilitated inexpensive, implementable interventions to reduce chemotherapy preparation errors.
The study increased compliance with USP 797 regulations.
Findings and interventions are generalizable to various pharmacy settings for mistake-proofing.