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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

Evidence for two conductive pathways in P2X receptor: differences in modulation and selectivity.

Susanna Alloisio1, Angelo Di Garbo, Raffaella Barbieri

  • 1Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|February 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The P2X(7) receptor

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One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording
13:07

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

Published on: June 9, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording
13:07

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

Published on: June 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
  • Ion Channel Physiology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R) is an ATP-gated cation channel with incompletely understood biophysical properties.
  • Its function is modulated by divalent cations and organic molecules like arachidonic acid (AA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential effects of magnesium (Mg2+) and AA on P2X(7)R function.
  • To elucidate the role of the P2X(7)R C-terminus in channel modulation and ion permeation.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to measure ionic currents.
  • Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and sodium ([Na+]i) dynamics were assessed in HEK293 cells expressing full-length P2X(7)R or a C-terminus truncated variant (trP2X(7)R).

Main Results:

  • Arachidonic acid potentiated [Ca2+]i rise mediated by both P2X(7)R and trP2X(7)R but did not affect ionic currents.
  • Extracellular Mg2+ competitively inhibited the [Ca2+]i rise via P2X(7)R and trP2X(7)R.
  • Mg2+ modulated P2X(7)R ionic currents and [Na+]i rise non-competitively, while trP2X(7)R currents and [Na+]i signals were insensitive to Mg2+.

Conclusions:

  • P2X(7)R likely possesses distinct conductive pathways for Ca2+ and monovalent ions.
  • The C-terminus of P2X(7)R is crucial for the modulation of monovalent ion flux by Mg2+.