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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

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Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus.

Carlos Antonio Negrato1, Olinda Tarzia

  • 1Bauru's Diabetics Association, Praça Salim Haddad Neto 13-20, Vila Universitária-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. carlosnegrato@uol.com.br

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
|February 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) impairs salivary gland function, reducing saliva flow. This leads to various oral health issues, including infections and dental problems in diabetic patients.

Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Long-standing hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, is known to cause systemic complications affecting organs like kidneys, eyes, nerves, blood vessels, and the heart.
  • Beyond systemic effects, hyperglycemia can significantly impair salivary gland function, leading to a notable reduction in salivary flow rate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the spectrum of oral alterations associated with reduced salivary flow secondary to acute and chronic hyperglycemia.
  • To highlight the increased incidence and progression of these buccal changes in diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the known consequences of decreased salivary flow due to hyperglycemia.
  • It categorizes oral manifestations based on acute versus chronic hyperglycemic states.

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Main Results:

  • Acute hyperglycemia-induced salivary hypofunction can cause increased mucin and glucose concentrations, impaired antimicrobial factors, gustin deficiency, altered taste, oral candidiasis, increased cell exfoliation, heightened pathogenic microorganism proliferation, coated tongue, and halitosis.
  • Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to tongue alterations (burning mouth), periodontal disease, dental demineralization (white spots), caries, delayed wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections, lichen planus, and mucosal ulcerations.
  • These oral alterations, while not exclusive to diabetes, are more prevalent and severe with poor glycemic management.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced salivary flow due to hyperglycemia significantly impacts oral health, manifesting in a wide array of clinical conditions.
  • Effective glycemic control is crucial for mitigating the incidence and severity of these hyperglycemia-associated buccal complications in diabetic individuals.