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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

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Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
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Published on: January 17, 2013

Defining translational research: implications for training.

Doris McGartland Rubio1, Ellie E Schoenbaum, Linda S Lee

  • 1Data Center, Center for Research on Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. rubiodm@upmc.edu

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
|February 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Translational research training programs need clear objectives and competency metrics. This study proposes an operational definition and evaluation framework to guide program development and assess trainee success in advancing public health.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Research
  • Health Services Research
  • Biomedical Research Training

Background:

  • Translational research lacks a clear definition, hindering program development and evaluation.
  • Educational programs struggle to define objectives, competencies, curricula, and outcome tracking.
  • The Association for Clinical Research Training (ACRT) identified a need for an educational framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an operational definition of translational research for educational frameworks.
  • To outline a flexible yet rigorous approach for designing and evaluating translational research training programs.
  • To address the challenges in articulating program objectives and assessing trainee competencies.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed current definitions of translational research.
  • Proposed an operational definition integrating basic, patient-oriented, and population-based research.
  • Developed a flexible and rigorous framework for program design and evaluation.
  • Suggested a logic model for evaluating translational research programs.

Main Results:

  • An operational definition of translational research was proposed, emphasizing multidirectional and multidisciplinary integration.
  • A framework for designing and evaluating training programs was suggested, balancing flexibility with rigor.
  • The importance of aligning program objectives with trainee competency requirements was highlighted.
  • A logic model was proposed as a tool for program evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • A clear operational definition and evaluation framework are crucial for effective translational research training.
  • Training programs must be adaptable to institutional and trainee needs while maintaining rigorous outcome assessment.
  • Successful translational research training contributes to the long-term aim of improving public health.
  • The proposed framework supports the development of programs that meet objectives and competency requirements.