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Functional anatomy of the Achilles tendon
Mahmut Nedim Doral1, Mahbub Alam, Murat Bozkurt
1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Summary
The Achilles tendon, crucial for movement, is prone to rupture due to its structure and blood supply. Understanding its biomechanics and vascularity is key to preventing Achilles tendon injuries.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedics
- Sports Medicine
- Biomechanics
Background:
- The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon, connecting calf muscles to the heel bone.
- It's the most common site for tendon ruptures.
- Its unique structure, including fiber spiralization and calcaneal insertion, influences stress distribution.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detail the anatomy and biomechanics of the Achilles tendon.
- To investigate the vascular supply and innervation.
- To identify factors contributing to Achilles tendon injuries.
Main Methods:
- Anatomical description of the Achilles tendon.
- Review of vascular and nerve supply.
- Analysis of biomechanical forces and collagen composition.
Main Results:
- The Achilles tendon has a complex structure with a specialized calcaneal insertion.
- A hypovascular zone exists in the mid-tendon, supplied by the posterior tibial artery, increasing injury risk.
- High forces, up to 12.5 times body weight, are experienced during activities like running.
- Pathological tendons may show increased Type III collagen, potentially reducing tensile strength.
Conclusions:
- The Achilles tendon's anatomy, particularly its mid-portion vascularity, predisposes it to injury.
- Understanding biomechanical loading and cellular changes is vital for managing Achilles tendon pathology.
- Further research into the role of collagen types in tendon strength is warranted.
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