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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Age differences in the underconfidence-with-practice effect.

Philippe Rast1, Daniel Zimprich

  • 1Gerontopsychology, Department of Psychology,University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/24, Zurich, Switzerland. p.rast@psychologie.uzh.ch

Experimental Aging Research
|February 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults do not exhibit the underconfidence-with-practice (UWP) effect in memory monitoring tasks. Unlike younger adults, their judgments of learning accurately reflected recall performance across multiple trials.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

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Published on: June 14, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Aging

Background:

  • Memory monitoring accuracy and the underconfidence-with-practice (UWP) effect are crucial in understanding learning.
  • The presence of the UWP effect in older adults remains an open research question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate memory monitoring accuracy and the UWP effect in both younger and older adults.
  • To determine if older adults exhibit the UWP effect observed in younger populations.

Main Methods:

  • Two verbal learning experiments were conducted.
  • Judgments of learning (JOLs) operationalized memory monitoring accuracy.
  • Participants included younger and older adults across multiple study-test cycles.

Main Results:

  • Both age groups initially overestimated memory performance.
  • Older adults' JOLs closely matched their recall performance, unlike younger adults.
  • The UWP effect was not observed in older adults across various conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Older adults do not demonstrate the UWP effect in memory monitoring.
  • Findings align with dual-factor theories of JOLs, involving anchoring and online monitoring.