Haptic devices as a paradigm to enhance learning/function--theory and empirical studies

Haptics is a modern term employed to describe both afferent and efferent flows of forces with humans. The appropriate design of these force flow fields when coordinated with information to and from computers and other devices to physically challenged individuals can empower the performance of certain tasks previously not attainable. Extensive empirical work presented herein has demonstrated that proper augmentation of particular dynamic force fields, synchronised with certain cognitive tasks, can lead to improved functionality. More specifically, studies in spasticity, weaken responses and having delayed human response can benefit from these exposures to force fields applied suitably. From a theoretical perspective, the use of the well-known Fitts' law provides a unifying framework from which one can quantify the benefits derived from the proper exposure to force fields. Another area where haptics offers an exciting new platform to transfer information to and from humans includes subliminal haptics. This provides a paradigm to improve situational awareness and enhances control capability, where it may be missing previously. This article updates how haptics can be used in a variety of empirical settings to enhance learning, modulate human response to assist task completion, present a theoretical framework and improve the self-esteem of physically challenged individuals.