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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Comparison of scapular local coordinate systems.

Paula M Ludewig¹, Daniel R Hassett, Robert F Laprade

¹Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. ludew001@umn.edu

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)

|February 27, 2010

Summary

Comparing standard methods for describing scapular rotation reveals significant differences in measurements, particularly at higher elevation angles. The current standard shows less internal and upward rotation than the original, with no risk of gimbal-lock observed.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

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Published on: February 10, 2015

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedics
Kinesiology

Background:

Standard methods for describing three-dimensional scapular rotation have evolved.
Understanding scapular motion is crucial for diagnosing and treating shoulder pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

Compare original and current standard methods for 3D scapular rotation.
Examine the prevalence of gimbal-lock during scapular plane abduction.
Evaluate an alternative method and a glenoid-based description.

Main Methods:

Electromagnetic sensors on bone-fixed pins in scapula and humerus.
Scapular angular data analyzed across humerothoracic elevation angles.
Repeated measures ANOVAs and anatomical model comparison.

Main Results:

Significant differences in upward rotation, posterior tilting, and internal rotation between standards.
Current standard shows less upward and internal rotation, more posterior tilting than original.
Alternative method showed closer alignment to glenoid method than current standard.

Conclusions:

Current and original standards for scapular rotation yield different interpretations.
No subjects experienced gimbal-lock at end-range elevation.
Axis orientation impacts clinical interpretation; alternative method warrants further study.