Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Myeloid Cdc42 deficiency-mediated macrophage pyroptosis exacerbates diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Cardiovascular diabetology·2026
Same author

[Various models of itch induction and their relationship to pain sensitivity].

Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]·2026
Same author

Dysregulation of U12-Type Splicing in Lupus Neutrophils.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026
Same author

Clinicopathological characteristics, incidence trends, and prognostic factors of salivary gland secretory carcinoma: a SEER database analysis (2011-2021).

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery·2026
Same author

KIRA6 restrains the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Cell death & disease·2025
Same author

Dysregulation of U12-Type Splicing in Lupus Neutrophils.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors
07:59

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Published on: December 6, 2018

[Nitrite accumulation during the denitration process in SBR at low temperature].

Hong-wei Sun1, Shu-ying Wang, Xi-ming Wang

  • 1Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China. shw@emails.bjut.edu.cn

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue
|March 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Nitrite accumulation occurred in low-temperature denitrification using sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with various carbon sources. Glucose was the only source that did not cause significant nitrite buildup.

More Related Videos

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx
07:14

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Published on: December 20, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors
07:59

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Published on: December 6, 2018

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx
07:14

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Chemical Engineering

Context:

  • Wastewater treatment often involves denitrification to remove nitrogen.
  • Low temperatures can disrupt microbial processes, leading to incomplete denitrification and nitrite accumulation.
  • Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) are commonly used for biological wastewater treatment.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the impact of different carbon sources on nitrite accumulation during low-temperature denitrification in SBRs.
  • To understand the mechanism behind nitrite accumulation under specific environmental conditions.
  • To identify optimal conditions for efficient nitrogen removal.

Summary:

  • Nitrite accumulation was observed during low-temperature denitrification in SBRs treating UASB-pretreated wastewater.
  • Methanol, ethanol, sodium acetate, and sodium propionate, when used as electron donors, led to significant nitrite accumulation, unlike glucose.
  • Maximum nitrite concentrations reached up to 37.8 mg/L, with varying accumulation rates depending on the carbon source and initial nitrate concentration.
  • Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) profiles showed distinct "nitrate knee" and "nitrite knee" points, indicating the completion of nitrate and nitrite reduction, respectively.

Impact:

  • Provides crucial insights into the factors influencing nitrite accumulation in biological nitrogen removal systems.
  • Informs the selection of appropriate carbon sources for optimizing denitrification efficiency at low temperatures.
  • Contributes to the development of more robust and effective wastewater treatment strategies for cold climates.