Ultrastructural observations on the transformations of osmotically stressed and electrically pulsed red cell carriers...

Although annealed red blood cell (RBC) carriers, when made by different methods, encapsulate similar quantities of methotrexate (MTX) molecules, the mechanisms by which the carrier cells are formed and by which molecules are taken up may be very different as evidenced by electron microscopy (EM) of the cells at various stages during their formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that dialysis- and preswell-prepared carriers, both procedures which involve exposure to hypotonic buffer, initially transform from discocytes to echinocytes, but later exhibit morphologically heterogeneous cell types. In contrast, electroporated carriers, formed under isotonic conditions, uniformly show an initial discocyte-spheroechinocyte transformation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of osmotically stressed RBC carriers demonstrates that uptake of molecules can be facilitated both by endocytosis and passive diffusion, whereas electrically pulsed carriers encapsulate material only by passive diffusion. Such experiments provide evidence that methods can be refined potentially for producing and isolating carriers that would have more predictable properties in vivo.