Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
Ladder Diagrams: Acid–Base Equilibria01:32

Ladder Diagrams: Acid–Base Equilibria

Understanding the chemistry between the reagents is necessary for performing any experiment. To this end, scientists have designed a tool called a ladder diagram, which is a graphical representation that helps illustrate the chemistry of a system.
A ladder diagram for acid-base equilibria consists of a vertical axis that represents pH and horizontal bars (steps on the ladder) that help position all the pKa values in the system. At equilibrium, the pH value of the system corresponds to one of...
Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
The experimenter can then plot the initial reaction rate or velocity (Vo) of a given trial against the substrate concentration ([S]) to obtain a graph of the reaction properties. For many enzymatic reactions involving a...
Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Calculus and Graphs01:21

Fundamental Mathematical Principles in Pharmacokinetics: Calculus and Graphs

The fundamental mathematical principles, such as calculus and graphs, play crucial roles in analyzing drug movement and determining pharmacokinetic parameters. Differential calculus examines rates of change and helps to determine the dissolution rate of drugs in biofluids, as well as how drug concentrations change over time. For instance, it can help calculate the rate of elimination of a drug from the body based on its concentration-time profile.
On the other hand, integral calculus focuses on...
Acid and Bases: Ka, pKa, and Relative Strengths02:35

Acid and Bases: Ka, pKa, and Relative Strengths

This lesson delves into a critical aspect of the relative strengths of acids and bases. The strength of an acid is evaluated by the acid dissociation into its conjugate base and a hydronium ion in water. The complete dissociation of a strong acid is confirmed with a very high concentration of hydronium ions. As a result, an incomplete dissociation process affirms a weak acid. Therefore, the equilibrium is in the forward direction for strong acids and backward for weak acids in these reactions.
Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Naturally segregating genetic variants contribute to thermal tolerance in a <i>D. melanogaste</i>r model system.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2023
Same author

Dopaminergic neurons can influence heat-box place learning in <i>Drosophila</i>.

Journal of neurogenetics·2020
Same author

Sleep restores place learning to the adenylyl cyclase mutant <i>rutabaga</i>.

Journal of neurogenetics·2020
Same author

Multiple genetic loci affect place learning and memory performance in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genes, brain, and behavior·2019
Same author

A biphasic locomotor response to acute unsignaled high temperature exposure in Drosophila.

PloS one·2018
Same author

Sex: The End Is All You Need.

Current biology : CB·2018
Same journal

Spatiomolecular mapping reveals anatomical organization of heterogeneous cell types in the human nucleus accumbens.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

TGF-β1-induced endothelial transcytosis drives blood-brain barrier leakage during aging.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Image space opens up for visual neuroscience.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Septal GLP-1 receptors control alcohol taking and seeking.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Microglial fitness in moderation: Tuning TREM2 signaling through Ptpn6.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Human astrocytes keep time with inflammation.

Neuron·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Modeling an Enzyme Active Site using Molecular Visualization Freeware
14:37

Modeling an Enzyme Active Site using Molecular Visualization Freeware

Published on: December 25, 2021

Visualizing PKA dynamics in a learning center.

Troy Zars1

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. zarst@missouri.edu <zarst@missouri.edu>

Neuron
|March 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found that specific neuromodulators control protein kinase A (PKA) activity in Drosophila mushroom bodies, crucial for olfactory memory. The dunce and rutabaga genes regulate PKA dynamics in these memory-forming neurons.

More Related Videos

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Modeling an Enzyme Active Site using Molecular Visualization Freeware
14:37

Modeling an Enzyme Active Site using Molecular Visualization Freeware

Published on: December 25, 2021

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • The mushroom bodies in Drosophila are essential for olfactory learning and memory.
  • Protein kinase A (PKA) plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.
  • Understanding the regulation of PKA activity is key to deciphering memory formation mechanisms.

Discussion:

  • Gervasi et al. demonstrate spatially restricted PKA activity within Drosophila mushroom bodies.
  • This localized activity is modulated by specific neuromodulators, suggesting precise signaling pathways.
  • The study links neuromodulatory control to PKA dynamics in a key brain region for memory.

Key Insights:

  • Specific neuromodulators precisely regulate PKA activity in Drosophila mushroom bodies.
  • The dunce (cAMP-phosphodiesterase) and rutabaga (adenylyl cyclase) genes are vital for PKA dynamics.
  • This research elucidates the molecular underpinnings of olfactory memory formation in Drosophila.

Outlook:

  • Further investigation into the downstream targets of PKA in this context.
  • Exploring the role of these genes and PKA in other forms of memory.
  • Potential implications for understanding memory disorders in higher organisms.