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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

Adenosine and sleep.

Theresa E Bjorness1, Robert W Greene

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, UTSW and Dallas VAMC, Dallas, TX, USA.

Current Neuropharmacology
|March 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Adenosine (Ado) influences sleep regulation, particularly slow wave sleep (SWS). Research shows Ado levels affect sleep and vice versa, with specific Ado receptors modulating sleep control.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Pharmacological studies suggested adenosine's role in sleep.
  • In vitro and neurochemical studies identified adenosine-sensitive arousal centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of adenosine in sleep control.
  • To summarize effects of adenosine on sleep and vice versa.
  • To discuss adenosine receptors involved in sleep regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacological, in vitro, neurochemical, and genetic studies.
  • Analysis of mutant mouse models.
  • Focus on slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine (Ado) plays a specific role in sleep control, particularly SWS.

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  • Adenosine levels are influenced by sleep, and vice versa.
  • Adenosine receptors modulate slow wave activity during SWS.

    • Conclusions:

    • Adenosine is one of many neuromodulators influencing complex sleep behavior.
    • Specific adenosine receptors are critical for regulating sleep.
    • Further research clarifies adenosine's precise role in sleep physiology.