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Related Concept Videos

Multi-Step Reactions02:31

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism

The Wittig reaction, which converts aldehydes or ketones to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, proceeds through a nucleophilic addition‒elimination process.
The reaction begins with the nucleophilic addition between a phosphorus ylide and the carbonyl compound. Due to its carbanionic character, phosphorus ylide acts as a strong nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbonyl group. This generates a charge-separated dipolar intermediate called betaine. The negatively charged oxygen atom and...
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview

The Wittig reaction is the conversion of carbonyl compounds-aldehydes and ketones-to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, or the Wittig reagent. The reaction was pioneered by Prof. Georg Wittig, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions. Cells...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

The Gewald multicomponent reaction.

Yijun Huang1, Alexander Dömling

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Molecular Diversity
|March 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The Gewald reaction synthesizes valuable 2-aminothiophene compounds. These molecules are crucial in medicinal chemistry, particularly as inhibitors for drug development.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The Gewald reaction is a versatile method for synthesizing highly substituted 2-aminothiophene derivatives.
  • These thiophene derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
  • Applications span combinatorial chemistry and the development of small molecular weight inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthetic scope and variations of the Gewald reaction.
  • To discuss the diverse applications of Gewald products, particularly in medicinal chemistry.
  • To explore the structural biology of compounds derived from the Gewald reaction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on the Gewald reaction and its products.
  • Analysis of synthetic methodologies and variations.

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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  • Examination of reported applications and structural studies.

    • Main Results:

    • The Gewald reaction (G-3CR) efficiently produces highly substituted 2-aminothiophenes from sulfur, cyanoacetic acid derivatives, and oxo-components.
    • Gewald products demonstrate significant utility in pharmaceutical research, primarily as small molecular weight inhibitors.
    • A broad synthetic scope and numerous variations of the reaction have been developed.

    Conclusions:

    • The Gewald reaction is a powerful tool for generating diverse 2-aminothiophene libraries.
    • Gewald products hold considerable promise for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
    • Further investigation into the structural biology of these compounds can guide future drug design.