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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Indicators02:39

Indicators

Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators
08:01

Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators

Published on: January 19, 2024

How calcium indicators work.

Stephen R Adams

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |March 3, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Fluorescent calcium (Ca2+) indicators reveal detailed cellular dynamics. These indicators use a modular design, combining sensors with fluorescent dyes for diverse experimental applications.

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    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators
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    Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks
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    Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

    Published on: October 22, 2011

    Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels
    07:17

    Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels

    Published on: December 13, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Cell Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Calcium ions (Ca2+) play crucial roles in cellular signaling.
    • Advanced imaging techniques are essential for understanding Ca2+ dynamics.
    • Fluorescent indicators have revolutionized the study of intracellular Ca2+.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the working principles of widely used Ca2+ indicators.
    • To highlight the modular design of Ca2+ indicators.
    • To illustrate the versatility of Ca2+ indicators in research.

    Main Methods:

    • Description of the modular design of Ca2+ indicators.
    • Explanation of the sensor-dye coupling mechanism.
    • Discussion of how different combinations suit various experimental needs.

    Main Results:

    • Ca2+ imaging has provided unprecedented detail on spatial dynamics.
    • Indicators exhibit rhythmic oscillations and standing gradients.
    • Modular design allows for customization of indicators.

    Conclusions:

    • Ca2+ indicators are powerful tools for visualizing cellular processes.
    • The modular design offers flexibility for diverse research applications.
    • Continued development of indicators enhances our understanding of cell biology.