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Related Concept Videos

Consecutive Reactions01:22

Consecutive Reactions

Consecutive reactions involve a sequence where the product of a preceding reaction becomes the reactant for the subsequent one. In a simple scheme, A transforms into B, which further reacts to form C, with rate constants k1 and k2, respectively. This concept is evident in the radioactive decay series. Assuming an initial state with only A present, the conservation of matter leads to three coupled differential equations, determining the concentrations of A, B, and C over time.The rate of change...
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Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
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Multi-Step Reactions02:31

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
Chemical Reactions01:19

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...

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Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
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Published on: January 4, 2018

Sequential reactions directed by core/shell catalytic reactors.

Yanhu Wei1, Siowling Soh, Mario M Apodaca

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Catalyst-doped polymer particles enable sequential chemical reactions by controlling reactant diffusion and catalyst placement, preventing byproduct formation. A theoretical model accurately predicts reaction yields based on kinetics and diffusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Sequential chemical reactions often require multiple steps, increasing complexity and potential for byproduct formation.
  • Controlling the order of reactions and catalyst interaction is crucial for efficient synthesis.
  • Diffusion limitations in porous materials can impact reaction rates and selectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and investigate millimeter-sized reactor particles for directing sequential chemical reactions.
  • To explore the role of spatial catalyst arrangement and substrate diffusion in controlling reaction pathways.
  • To validate a theoretical model for predicting the performance of these reactor particles.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of core/shell structured polymer particles doped with catalysts.
  • Performing sequential reactions such as alkyne coupling followed by hydrogenation.
  • Utilizing a theoretical model incorporating reaction kinetics and species diffusion for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful execution of sequential reactions within the polymer particles.
  • Showcased spatial compartmentalization of catalysts and substrate diffusion as key control mechanisms.
  • Achieved high yields by avoiding byproduct formation through controlled reaction sequencing.
  • Validated the theoretical model against experimental observations.

Conclusions:

  • Catalyst-doped polymer particles offer a robust platform for controlled sequential chemical reactions.
  • The interplay between catalyst localization and diffusion is critical for optimizing reaction outcomes.
  • The developed theoretical model provides a valuable tool for designing and predicting the performance of such catalytic systems.