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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
11:12

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: July 16, 2014

Spinal deformity and Parkinson disease: a treatment algorithm.

Cheerag D Upadhyaya1, Philip A Starr, Praveen V Mummaneni

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.

Neurosurgical Focus
|March 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Spinal surgery for Parkinson disease (PD) with spinal deformity carries high complication risks. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has fewer complications but may not restore balance.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Parkinson disease (PD) frequently presents with spinal deformities, impacting patient mobility and quality of life.
  • Treatment strategies for spinal deformity in PD patients are complex, requiring careful consideration of surgical risks and potential benefits.

Observation:

  • Spinal surgery in PD patients with spinal deformity is associated with a high incidence of both acute and delayed complications.
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers a lower complication rate but often fails to adequately restore sagittal balance.

Findings:

  • Patients with PD and camptocormia undergoing spinal surgery face significant complication rates.
  • Spinal surgery is recommended only for PD patients with concurrent spinal stenosis causing radiculopathy or myelopathy.
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be an option for PD patients with camptocormia but without spinal stenosis, though outcomes are variable.

Implications:

  • Careful patient selection is crucial for managing spinal deformity in Parkinson disease.
  • A multidisciplinary approach integrating neurological and surgical expertise is essential.
  • Further research is needed to optimize treatment algorithms for spinal deformity in PD.