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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity01:27

Viscosity

82
Viscosity is a property of fluids that measures their resistance to flow. It is influenced by factors such as the surface area of contact, the gradient of flow speed, and the fluid's viscosity constant, called the coefficient of viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity, is denoted by the symbol η. It determines the proportionality between the viscous force and the gradient of flow speed.Newton's law of viscosity states that the viscous force on a...
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Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy
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Propagation experiments in low-visibility atmospheres.

W H Paik, M Tebyani, D J Epstein

    Applied Optics
    |March 4, 2010
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study measured atmospheric optical communication channel parameters during low visibility. Findings reveal how weather conditions impact signal transmission over a 13.6-km path.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Optical communications engineering

    Background:

    • Atmospheric optical communication is susceptible to weather-induced signal degradation.
    • Low-visibility conditions, such as fog and rain, significantly affect channel performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally measure critical channel parameters for atmospheric optical communication.
    • To investigate the impact of low-visibility weather on signal propagation.
    • To analyze the relationship between optical thickness and signal transmission.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted an experimental program over a 13.6-km line-of-sight propagation path.
    • Performed multipath and angular spectrum measurements under diverse weather conditions.
    • Analyzed the dependence of scattered plus unscattered optical transmission on optical thickness.

    Main Results:

    • Characterized critical channel parameters under various low-visibility scenarios.
    • Quantified multipath effects and angular spectrum variations.
    • Established the relationship between atmospheric optical thickness and signal attenuation.

    Conclusions:

    • Low-visibility weather conditions introduce significant challenges for atmospheric optical communication.
    • Multipath and scattering effects are key factors influencing signal quality.
    • Understanding optical thickness is crucial for predicting transmission performance.