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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...

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A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response
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Published on: January 7, 2019

Composite bolometers for submillimeter wavelengths.

N S Nishioka, P L Richards, D P Woody

    Applied Optics
    |March 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers optimized composite submillimeter wave bolometers using metal films and germanium thermometers. Performance was analyzed, considering noise and background loading for sensitive astronomical observations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Astrophysics and Instrumentation
    • Cryogenic Detector Technology

    Background:

    • Submillimeter wave astronomy requires highly sensitive detectors.
    • Composite bolometers with metal film absorbers and doped germanium thermometers are crucial for detecting faint cosmic signals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the fabrication and optimization of composite submillimeter wave bolometers.
    • To evaluate performance characteristics and expected performance under various background loading conditions.
    • To analyze noise sources, including current-dependent noise, and its impact on detector sensitivity.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of 4 x 4-mm composite bolometers.
    • Utilized metal film absorbing elements and doped germanium thermometers.
    • Incorporated Winston light concentrators in feed structures.
    • Analyzed performance at both liquid helium-4 (4He) and dilution refrigerator (3He) temperatures.

    Main Results:

    • Detailed performance characteristics of the fabricated bolometers are presented.
    • Calculations show expected performance optimization for different background loading levels.
    • Identified current-dependent noise as a potential limitation to achieving background fluctuation noise limits.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed composite bolometers demonstrate optimized performance for submillimeter wave applications.
    • Understanding and mitigating current-dependent noise is critical for maximizing detector sensitivity.
    • The integration of Winston light concentrators enhances the efficiency of these bolometers.