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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

Differential odor processing in two olfactory pathways in the honeybee.

Nobuhiro Yamagata1, Michael Schmuker, Paul Szyszka

  • 1Institut für Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany.

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
|March 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insect brains process odors differently based on neuron type. Specific projection neurons (lPNs) excel at fine odor discrimination, while others (mPNs) focus on concentration coding, revealing functional divisions in olfactory processing.

Keywords:
calcium imagingfunctional divisioninsectmushroom bodyolfactionparallel processingprojection neuron

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In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee
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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
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Published on: July 21, 2014

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee
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In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Published on: August 18, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Insect Brain Studies

Background:

  • Understanding central olfactory processing in insects requires characterizing functional divisions between distinct projection neuron (PN) types.
  • Projection neurons are key in transmitting olfactory information from the antennal lobe to higher brain centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how odor identity, concentration, and mixtures are represented in the axon terminals (boutons) of two PN types: lPNs and mPNs.
  • To elucidate the functional specialization of lPNs and mPNs in olfactory coding.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized calcium imaging techniques to monitor neural activity in PN boutons.
  • Examined responses to various odor stimuli, including different concentrations and mixtures.

Main Results:

  • lPN boutons exhibited less concentration dependence and narrow tuning at high concentrations, suggesting a role in concentration-invariant odor discrimination.
  • mPN boutons showed clear rising concentration dependence and broader tuning, indicating a role in concentration coding.
  • lPNs displayed greater mixture suppression than mPNs, implying enhanced processing of synthetic odor mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest a functional division in odor processing between lPNs and mPNs.
  • lPNs appear specialized for fine odor discrimination and mixture processing, while mPNs are optimized for concentration coding.