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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

A Compact Soft X-Ray Microscope using an Electrode-less Z-Pinch Source.

S F Horne1, J Silterra, W Holber

  • 1Energetiq Technology, Inc; Woburn MA, 01801 USA.

Journal of Physics. Conference Series
|March 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel Z-pinch X-ray source offers a compact and cost-effective alternative for medical imaging and microdosimetry. This technology enables standalone laboratory systems for applications like soft X-ray microscopy and targeted cellular radiation.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Published on: June 19, 2018

High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Implant-Associated Infections with X-ray Excited Luminescence Chemical Imaging Through Tissue
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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Medical physics
  • X-ray optics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Soft X-rays (<1 KeV) are crucial for medical imaging and microdosimetry.
  • Existing X-ray sources like synchrotrons are expensive, while conventional and laser-based sources have limitations.
  • Energetiq's electrode-less Z-pinch source offers a promising alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt a commercial Z-pinch X-ray source for medical applications.
  • To develop a demonstration soft X-ray microscope and a microbeam system.
  • To enable compact, standalone laboratory systems for biological research.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of a commercial 92 eV Z-pinch X-ray source to produce 400 mW at 430 eV.
  • Design of a condenser optic to match the source characteristics to microscope illumination requirements.
  • Development of a focused, sub-micron beam system for cellular microdosimetry.

Main Results:

  • Successful modification of the Z-pinch source for soft X-ray microscopy.
  • Design of a specialized condenser optic for efficient illumination.
  • Progress towards a microbeam system capable of delivering high doses to cellular targets.

Conclusions:

  • The Z-pinch X-ray source provides a viable, compact alternative to large accelerators for medical and research applications.
  • Further development of focusing X-ray optics is critical for realizing the full potential of this technology.
  • This approach facilitates the creation of accessible, standalone laboratory systems for advanced research.