Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

Formal Charges

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Unveiling surface and subsurface atomic vacancies in MoS<sub>2</sub> with lateral force microscopy.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Evaporation-Induced Phase Transitions in Free-Standing Plasmonic Nanoparticle Assemblies.

Nano letters·2026

Same author

Probing Up-Conversion Electroluminescence of Decoupled Porphyrin Molecules in a Plasmonic Nanocavity.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Orbital-resolved imaging of coherent femtosecond exciton dynamics in coupled molecules.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Resolving Complex Multiscale Structure of Magneto- and Electroactive Polymer Composites With an Ionic Liquid.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

Interparticle Ion Migration in Cesium Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Superlattices.

Nano letters·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Atomic structure of reduced graphene oxide.

Cristina Gómez-Navarro¹, Jannik C Meyer, Ravi S Sundaram

¹Max-Planck-Institut fur Festkorperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany. cristina.gomez@uam.es

|March 5, 2010

Summary

High-resolution electron microscopy revealed atomic-scale defects in graphene monolayers after oxidation-reduction. These defects, featuring unique carbon bonding, cause significant lattice distortions and strain.

More Related Videos

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Solid-State Physics

Background:

Graphene's unique properties stem from its atomic structure.
Chemical treatments can alter graphene's structure and properties.
Understanding defects is crucial for controlling graphene's performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify atomic-scale features in chemically treated graphene.
To investigate the origin of these features from oxidation-reduction.
To analyze the impact of these features on the graphene lattice.

Main Methods:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
Analysis of atomic arrangements and bonding in graphene monolayers.

Main Results:

Graphene monolayers consist of defect-free nanometer-sized regions and defect areas.
Defect areas are characterized by clustered pentagons and heptagons.
Defective carbon atoms maintain planar sp(2)-hybridization, remaining spectroscopically undetectable.
These defects induce significant in-plane lattice distortions and strain.

Conclusions:

Oxidation-reduction treatment creates unique, spectroscopically hidden defects in graphene.
These defects significantly impact the graphene lattice structure and strain.
HRTEM is essential for visualizing these subtle atomic-scale structural modifications.