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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

The subplate and early cortical circuits.

Patrick O Kanold1, Heiko J Luhmann

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. pkanold@umd.edu

Annual Review of Neuroscience
|March 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Subplate neurons (SPns) are crucial for early brain development, forming the first cortical circuits. Their impairment severely impacts cortical development and plasticity, linking prenatal injury to later cognitive issues.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Subplate neurons (SPns) are a unique cell population in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
  • They are the earliest generated and most physiologically mature neurons.
  • SPns reside in the cortical white matter and project to the developing cortical plate, primarily layer 4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the critical role of SPns in establishing functional cortical circuits.
  • To investigate the impact of SPn dysfunction on cortical development and plasticity.
  • To understand the link between SPn vulnerability and potential cognitive deficits following developmental brain injury.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involves experimental manipulation of SPns in developing mammalian brains.

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Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging
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Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

Published on: September 18, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings
10:24

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

Published on: January 10, 2015

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging
06:05

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

Published on: September 18, 2015

  • Techniques may include cell ablation, physiological recordings, and anatomical tracing.
  • Analysis of synaptic maturation, network activity, and functional responses (e.g., orientation selectivity) is implied.

    • Main Results:

    • SPns form one of the first functional circuits, relaying early activity into the cortical plate.
    • Removal of SPns disrupts thalamocortical synapse maturation, cortical inhibition, and sensory response development (e.g., orientation selectivity, ocular dominance columns).
    • SPn removal also affects critical period plasticity and alters ocular dominance plasticity.

    Conclusions:

    • SPns are indispensable regulators of mammalian cortical development and plasticity.
    • Their function is essential for the proper formation of sensory processing circuits.
    • SPns represent a vulnerable population whose prenatal injury may underlie later cognitive impairments.