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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
13:03

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2016

Epigenetics in heart failure.

Roberto Papait1, Gianluigi Condorelli

  • 1Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology and Technology Pole, IRCSS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|March 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetics plays a crucial role in heart failure by altering gene expression in cardiac cells. Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms is key to addressing heart hypertrophy and failure, major causes of mortality.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
13:03

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Heart failure is a leading cause of death, often linked to cardiac hypertrophy.
  • Gene expression changes in heart cells, including fetal gene reactivation, characterize hypertrophy and failure.
  • The precise signaling pathways driving these transcriptional changes remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To explain how epigenetics influences myocardial gene expression in hypertrophy and failure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current evidence on epigenetics in cardiac pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of gene expression reprogramming in cardiac myocytes.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of gene transcription in the failing heart.
  • These mechanisms contribute to the characteristic upregulation of fetal genes and downregulation of adult genes observed in cardiac hypertrophy and failure.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetics offers a significant framework for understanding the molecular basis of heart hypertrophy and failure.
  • Further research into epigenetic targets may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for heart disease.