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Related Concept Videos

Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Error effects in anterior cingulate cortex reverse when error likelihood is high.

Ryan K Jessup1, Jerome R Busemeyer, Joshua W Brown

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) error signal disappears when losses are frequent. This suggests mPFC activity reflects outcome comparison, not just error detection.

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Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
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Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
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Published on: June 5, 2016

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exhibits robust error-related activity, but its underlying neural mechanisms are debated.
  • Existing theories include comparator and conflict detection models, yet empirical evidence remains inconclusive.
  • Previous studies often use low error rates, potentially confounding error expectedness and desirability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of error processing in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
  • To determine if error-related activity in mPFC is contingent on outcome expectability and desirability.
  • To differentiate between error detection and outcome comparison accounts of mPFC function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a gambling task with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • Manipulated error rates by making losses more frequent than wins.
  • Analyzed brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during the task.

Main Results:

  • The canonical error-related activity in the mPFC was abolished under conditions of high loss frequency.
  • Instead, the mPFC showed heightened activation to unexpected wins compared to losses.
  • This pattern indicates a reversal of the typical error response.

Conclusions:

  • Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) error signals may not directly reflect error detection but rather a comparison between actual and expected outcomes.
  • Findings challenge traditional error detection models and support outcome comparison theories.
  • The results offer new perspectives on event-related potential (ERP) studies of error processing.