Antigenic variation between Newcastle disease viruses of goose and chicken origin

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is believed to infect only domestic avian species, with waterfowl such as geese either not being infected, even by virulent strains, or developing only inapparent infection. Since the late 1990s, a new infectious disease producing high morbidity and mortality among geese broke out in many provinces of China. This disease was caused by a serotype I avian paramyxovirus known as (APMV-1)-NDV. To investigate how NDV spreads between chickens and geese, the serological similarities of NDV strains (goose-origin NDV/NA-1 and chicken-origin NDV/F48E9, F48E8) were assessed by cross-neutralization assays both in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that antigenic variation had occurred between NDV/NA-1 strains and NDV/F48E9, F48E8 strains. Notably, NDV/NA-1 effectively protected vaccinated birds from morbidity and mortality against NDV/NA-1 strain challenge and significantly reduced virus shedding from the vaccinated birds when compared with F48E9-vaccinated birds. This might provide clues to the evolution of the goose NDV.