Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Linalool, linalyl acetate, and lavender essential oil: evaluation of metabolism and drug interactions using canine liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes.

Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems·2026

Same author

Should Injectable Meloxicam Be Approved for Use in Cats?

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics·2026

Same author

Delayed postoperative hemorrhage (DEPOH) in an Irish Wolfhound with the <i>SERPINF2</i> c.605 T/T genotype: case description and variant prevalence across dog breeds.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2025

Same author

Canine duodenal organoids as a functional platform for intestinal CYP regulation and drug metabolism studies.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals·2025

Same author

The association between injectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acute kidney injury in dogs and cats.

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia·2025

Same author

Avermectin-induced neurotoxicity and mortality reported more commonly in cats homozygous for ABCB11930_1931del TC after application of eprinomectin- versus selamectin-containing products.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association·2025

Same journal

Endothelial Cell Phenotypic Plasticity in Atherosclerosis.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

Same journal

Endothelial Dysfunction and Neurovascular Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

Same journal

Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Shear Stress Mechanotransduction in Health and Disease.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

Same journal

Microvasculature of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in Health and Diabetes.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

Same journal

Mechanisms of Actions of Physiological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Dietary Bioactive Inorganic Boron.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

Same journal

BNCT Plus Luminescence: New Paradigm for Boron-Containing Drug Design.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

Comparative and veterinary pharmacogenomics.

Carrie M Mosher¹, Michael H Court

¹Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

|March 6, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Veterinary pharmacogenomics, the study of genetic impacts on animal drug responses, is advancing rapidly. Genome sequencing aids in identifying genetic variants for personalized veterinary medicine and improved drug therapies.

More Related Videos

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of 68Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of ⁶⁸Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

Published on: October 4, 2024

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of 68Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of ⁶⁸Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

Published on: October 4, 2024

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Area of Science:

Veterinary Pharmacology
Genomics
Personalized Medicine

Background:

Pharmacogenomics investigates genetic variations influencing drug efficacy and toxicity.
Personalized medicine aims to tailor drug dosages based on individual genetic profiles.
Veterinary pharmacogenomics is an emerging field with significant potential for improving animal health.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current state of veterinary pharmacogenomics research.
To highlight the role of genetic variation in animal drug response.
To discuss the application of genomics in veterinary therapeutics.

Main Methods:

Utilizing complete genome sequences of various animal species.
Discovering sequence variants in candidate genes linked to drug response.
Developing high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays for genotype-phenotype analysis.

Main Results:

Identification of genetic factors contributing to drug response variability in animals.
Understanding of polymorphisms and gene variants affecting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Progress towards gene-guided drug dosing in veterinary medicine.

Conclusions:

Advances in genomics are accelerating the development of veterinary pharmacogenomics.
This field offers valuable insights for veterinary clinicians and biomedical researchers.
Personalized drug therapy in animals is becoming increasingly feasible.