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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 17, 2011

Fospropofol.

Karly P Garnock-Jones¹, Lesley J Scott

¹Adis, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz

|March 9, 2010

Summary

Fospropofol (fospropofol disodium) effectively sedated patients for colonoscopy and bronchoscopy. The 6.5 mg/kg dose showed significantly higher success rates compared to the 2.0 mg/kg dose.

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Anesthesiology

Background:

Fospropofol disodium is a water-soluble prodrug of propofol.
It is metabolized in vivo to propofol, phosphate, and formaldehyde.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous fospropofol for procedural sedation.
To compare the sedation success rate of fospropofol 6.5 mg/kg versus 2.0 mg/kg in patients undergoing colonoscopy or flexible bronchoscopy.

Main Methods:

Randomized, double-blind, phase III trials were conducted.
Patients received either intravenous fospropofol 6.5 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg (placebo surrogate).
Sedation success rate was the primary endpoint.

Main Results:

Fospropofol 6.5 mg/kg was significantly more effective than 2.0 mg/kg for sedation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 17, 2011

Sedation success rates were over 3-fold higher for the 6.5 mg/kg dose in both colonoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy groups.

Fospropofol was generally well tolerated, with mild to moderate, transient adverse events.

Conclusions:

Intravenous fospropofol at 6.5 mg/kg is an effective sedative agent for colonoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy.
The drug was generally well tolerated, though airway assistance was more frequent in bronchoscopy patients.
Fospropofol offers a viable alternative for procedural sedation.