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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
11:52

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

[Retroposons in modern human genome evolution].

A L Amosova, A Iu Komkov, S V Ustiugova

    Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia
    |March 9, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mobile genetic retroelements, like Alu repeats, significantly drive human genome evolution and diversity. These elements act as regulatory factors, influencing gene function and creating genetic variation within populations.

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    Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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    RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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    Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR
    10:54

    Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR

    Published on: July 27, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Molecular Genetics

    Context:

    • Human genome evolution and population genetic diversity are key research areas.
    • Mobile genetic elements, particularly retroelements, are major contributors to genome structure and variation.
    • Understanding these elements is crucial for both fundamental and applied genomics.

    Purpose:

    • To review the evolutionary impact of young retroelements on human genome function and variability.
    • To summarize current research on identifying and analyzing polymorphic retroelement insertions.
    • To investigate the regulatory potential of retroelements in the human genome.

    Summary:

    • Comparative analysis reveals that mobile genetic retroelements (LTR, LINE1, SVA, Alu) are primary drivers of human genome structural peculiarities.
    • Retroelements are significant evolutionary forces due to their widespread distribution, retropositional activity, and regulatory potential.
    • New methods for polygenomic identification of polymorphic retroelement insertions, including Alu repeats, are examined.

    Impact:

    • The study confirms retroelements function as active cis-regulatory elements.
    • Retroelements can modulate the expression and function of nearby genes.
    • This research enhances our understanding of genome variability and evolutionary mechanisms.